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Concept of Individual Behavior, Behavior as an input-output system, Mental Process

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Concept of Individual Behavior                                                                                 .
Individual Behavior and Assumptions (Adhikari, 2009, p 45) -
1.     Behavior is determined by a combination of forces in individual and environment.
2.     Every individual makes decisions differently.
3.     Different individuals have different levels and types of needs, desires and goals.
4.     Perception plays vital role in problem solving and decision making.

Factors creating differences and effects on individual performance (Hellriegel, Slocum, Woodman & Bruning, 1998)

1.     Ability
2.     Motivation
3.     Role Perception
4.     Situation at factors (time, people, time, budget, working conditions, design)
Foundations of Individual Behavior (Khanka, 2004, p 32)
The Person
1.      Biographical factors – sex, age, education, abilities and marital status
2.      Psychological factors – personality, perception, attitudes, values and learning
The Environment
1.      Environmental factors – economic conditions, political situations, cultural values and social norms
2.      Organizational factors – physical facilities, organizational structure and design, leadership styles and reward system


Behavior as an input-output system                                                                      .
Traditional View


 (Where, Organism is affected by VANE – values, attitudes, needs and expectations)


Behavioral View (Dwibedi, 1997, p 80)

 


Stimulus or situation (S), here, in this model includes all environmental aspects: immediate stimulus (overt and covered – exposed and hidden) and environment (ie, physical, socio-cultural and technological etc). This situation influences organism and and also get affected by it, that’s why there is a doubled headed arrow in between them.
Organism (O) – This aspect is highly complex in nature and plays vital role. It includes following major functioning:

a.      Physiological (heredity, nervous system, five sense organs and limbs)
b.     Cognitive process consists of thinking, reasoning, problem solving and decision making, perception,
 conceptualization, judgment and creativity; also called mental process.
c.      Psychological processes ( motivation and learning)
d.     Personality
Behavior (B) – Responses (overt and covert), patterns of behavior

System View - Behavior as an input-output system (Kolasa, 1969)
Input – Environmental stimuli, feeling, hearing, seeing, smelling and tasting
Process – Selecting information, Organizing information, Interpreting information
Outcomes – Covert responses (attitudes, motivations and feelings), Overt response (behavior)

Mental Process                                                                                                                         .
It is the capacity of an individual to select, organize, analyze and interpret information. It assumes that people are conscious, active participants in how they select, organize, analyze and interpret information. The mental process begins when environmental stimuli are received through senses. Most stimuli are screened out, the rest are organized, analyzed and interpreted based on various information processing activities.

Cognitive psychology deals with the mental process and often called cognitive process that consists of:
a.      Thinking,
b.     Reasoning,
c.      Problem solving and decision making,
d.     Perception,
e.      Conceptualization,
f.       Judgment and
g.     Creativity

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