Concept of Individual Behavior
.
Individual Behavior and Assumptions (Adhikari,
2009, p 45) -
1. Behavior is determined by a combination of forces
in individual and environment.
2. Every individual makes decisions differently.
3. Different individuals have different levels and
types of needs, desires and goals.
4. Perception plays vital role in problem solving and
decision making.
Factors creating differences and effects on
individual performance (Hellriegel, Slocum, Woodman & Bruning, 1998)
1. Ability
2. Motivation
3. Role Perception
4. Situation at factors (time, people, time, budget,
working conditions, design)
Foundations of Individual Behavior (Khanka, 2004, p
32)
The Person
1. Biographical factors – sex,
age, education, abilities and marital status
2. Psychological factors –
personality, perception, attitudes, values and learning
|
The Environment
1. Environmental factors –
economic conditions, political situations, cultural values and social norms
2. Organizational factors –
physical facilities, organizational structure and design, leadership styles
and reward system
|
Behavior as an input-output
system .
Traditional View
(Where, Organism is affected by VANE – values,
attitudes, needs and expectations)
Behavioral View (Dwibedi, 1997, p
80)
Stimulus or situation (S), here, in
this model includes all environmental aspects: immediate stimulus (overt and
covered – exposed and hidden) and environment (ie, physical, socio-cultural and
technological etc). This situation influences organism and and also get
affected by it, that’s why there is a doubled headed arrow in between them.
Organism (O) – This aspect is
highly complex in nature and plays vital role. It includes following major
functioning:
a. Physiological (heredity, nervous system, five sense
organs and limbs)
b.
Cognitive process
consists of thinking, reasoning, problem solving and decision making,
perception,
conceptualization, judgment and creativity; also called mental
process.
c. Psychological processes ( motivation and learning)
d. Personality
Behavior (B) – Responses (overt
and covert), patterns of behavior
System View - Behavior as an input-output system (Kolasa, 1969)
Input –
Environmental stimuli, feeling, hearing, seeing, smelling and tasting
Process – Selecting information, Organizing information, Interpreting
information
Outcomes – Covert responses (attitudes, motivations and feelings), Overt response
(behavior)
Mental Process .
It is the capacity of an individual to select,
organize, analyze and interpret information. It assumes that people are
conscious, active participants in how they select, organize, analyze and
interpret information. The mental process begins when environmental stimuli are
received through senses. Most stimuli are screened out, the rest are organized,
analyzed and interpreted based on various information processing activities.
Cognitive psychology deals
with the mental process and often called cognitive process that consists of:
a. Thinking,
b. Reasoning,
c. Problem solving and decision making,
d. Perception,
e. Conceptualization,
f. Judgment and
g. Creativity
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